Pretty Flacko Nigga

The poem â€Å"Hard Rock† by Tethering Knight is a poem that takes place in a prison (or possibly somewhere else like a sporting event, a dining room, etc. But a prison fits the context better). The poem is about a black prisoner that comes back after being in the Hospital for the Criminally Insane. The Inmates are reminiscing on all the crazy stuff Hard Rock used to do that they had always wished they could do. During Hard Rock's time at the Hospital he had a brain surgery In which they â€Å"cut out part of his brain and shot electricity through the rest.The speaker of the poem Is recalling all the stones of crazy things Hard Rock used to do before he left and telling the listener how much of a bad ass Hard Rock was. The speaker of the poem Is an Inmate at the prison; maybe Hard Rock's cell mate, friend, or Just someone that knew about him. Who the speaker Is talking to Is unclear though. It Is most likely another Inmate, assuming that the setting is In a prison, however It Is not clear within the poem exactly who the auditor is. The situation of the poem and the whole reason why the speaker is even recalling all of these memories is because it's been said that HardRock is soft now. The â€Å"word† has it that Hard Rock is a shell of what he used to be and will just stand there with a stupid smile on his face when tested. The old Hard Rock didn't â€Å"take no sit from nobody' but now the word going around is that the new Hard Rock has been tamed. The tone of this poem begins as inspired and almost proud, like a little brother talking about his cool older brother. The speaker seems to have a lot of respect for Hard Rock. Hard Rock is a hero to the speaker because Hard Rock will act out situations that the speaker could only ever dream of doing; he was their â€Å"destroyer.The tone quickly changes in line 27 to sad, almost nostalgic sounding. The inmates are reliving all of the crazy stuff he did before his surgery. The fact that he has been tamed now leaves the inmates â€Å"crushed† and hopeless. They no longer have someone that will carry out the fantasies they dream of doing, whether it be sticking up for the blacks when the Jail block bully comes around or even beating up a guard. They want to convince themselves that it is all an act, Hard Rock Is a little bit smarter now and is waiting for his opportunities, but they know in their hearts that Hard Rock is no longer the same guy he used to be.The theme of this poem Is about race and what problems black people faced In those times. The poem was published in 1968- the same year that Martin Luther King Jar. Was assassinated. The poem Hard Rock could be a metaphor for timeline of events that happened In the ‘offs. Martin Luther King (Hard Rock) was one of, If not the most, prominent face of the civil rights movement. MILK wouldn't settle for anything less than what he wanted to see happen and nobody could stand In his way. If someone tried to stop him he would Just keep trucking and fighting for his goal. In the poem,Hard Rock would pummel any and every body In his way, regardless of who they were, similar to how MILK would â€Å"take out† whoever stood in his way. The surgery Hard Rock goes under could be a metaphor for the assassination of MILK. Hard Rock is no longer what he used to be, he can no longer kick ass and take names because he is physically unable to (MILK is physically unable to keep fighting because he is hopeless. They always dreamed of doing the things Hard Rock did but they feel incapable (the black population is shocked and devastated by Milk's death and feel hopeless and as if they can never achieve what he did).The fears of years, like a biting whip, Had cut grooves too deeply across our backs. † The years and years of slavery, torture and demutualization of black people is too ingrained into the current (sass's) black population's minds and they feel as if they are not brave enough, smart enough, or important enough to take a stand and make the kind of changes that MILK had once done. The poem is written in mostly iambic pentameter. Lambs are how people speak in everyday life so with it being written in iambs it makes the poem seem â€Å"regular† and not â€Å"poetic. The poem sounds like a conversation you would hear f you were to listen in on prisoners talking. The dialect of the poem also gives it more of a natural feel. The reader feels as if they're reading an excerpt from a prison conversation rather than reading a poem. No rhyme scheme is detected in the poem- except for 4 lines. The author adds two couplets in the beginning and the middle of the poem. He does this to reinforce the point what he is trying to get across within these lines. The break in the normal flow and rhythm of the poem with these couplets grabs the attention of the reader and makes them focus on what the lines have to say.

Difference in Sunni and Shia Muslims

The difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims is not Islamic beliefs or spiritual differences, but politics. The division of Sunni and Shia Muslims started after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Sunni Muslims believed that the new leader of the Muslim nation should be elected out of those most capable of the job. Shia Muslims believed that leadership should be passed to his cousin or son-in-law. The leader was elected out of those most capable of the job. Abu Bakr was the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. The word â€Å"Sunni† in Arabic means â€Å"one who follows the traditions of the Prophet. † The word â€Å"Shia† in Arabic means â€Å"a group or supportive party of people. † They are also known as â€Å"followers of the Prophet. † Shias believe that Imams are descendants of the Prophet. Sunnis accept that the first four Caliphs were followers of Mohammad, but do not grant any kind of divinely inspired status to their clerics. Afghanistan is made up of 84 percent Sunnis and 15 percent Shias. Most Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims, while most Hazaras are Shia Muslims. In â€Å"The Kite Runner† Amir and Baba are Sunni Muslims and Hassan and Ali are Shia Muslims. Hazaras are generally Shia Muslims and Pashtuns are generally Sunni Muslims. They have different beliefs but between Amir and Hassan it does not make a difference. Hassan is called derogatory names by Assef and some others because he is a Hazara and a Shia Muslim. Amir is not because he is a Pashtun and a Sunni Muslim.

A Study On Peoples Skill During The Social Engineering Of The Digital Age And Owning The Box

A Study On People's Skill During The Social Engineering Of The Digital Age And Owning The Box Social Engineering and Owning the Box I once worked as a Security guard for Quebecor World in Lincoln, NE. Nothing glamorous by any means, but unique in the fact that my 5.75 an hour rent-a-cop security guard job required me to go through a 1 month background check complete with credit record and criminal record pulls, interviews with the State Patrol, and multiple inquiries into my previous employment history. Why would this be necessary for such a mundane job? Who cares about the criminal background of a security guy on third shift at a printer? Quebecor prints, among other things, AOL CDs and pre-approved credit card applications and has at any time several hundred thousand names, addresses, phone numbers, credit card numbers, and social security numbers in (relatively) plain view. The dumpsters are locked outside. A special shredder devours waste paper into confetti pieces smaller than the end of an infants little fingernail, and then shreds them again. Not that these precautions are not a good start, but in about 10 minutes, an employee inside with a grudge or someone with access to some money can enlist the help of a for profit company to reconstruct paper shreddings into a semblance of the original document or just walk out of the facility outright with thousands of peoples private lives in their hands. Noticed anything unusual in your credit report lately? In this paper I researched social engineering. I examine a bit of its history, designate it as a non-technical means of obtaining information about and ultimately entry into a computer information system, I looked at two prominent old school social engineers. I then describe some basic precautions that are effective no matter what level of information system is employed. Social engineering, and its related type of information attack dumpster diving, is IT slang for using non-technical means to compromise an information system. It is one of the most interesting aspects of computer network security and most effective means of intrusion because the human element of computing will never go away. Someone must design the systems, implement, train, and ultimately use them. Even with the science-fiction horror stories of computer gone amuck we will always have humans at terminals somewhere, sometime; thus any computers information is vulnerable to a psychological attack. The gray goo scenario of Eric Drexler (famous for saying that smart, microscopic computers could take over the earth), though a possibility in the future, is not possible at this time because of the current limitations of technology. The author himself has stepped away from his landmark mid-80s theory as well, saying that he wishes hed never made the statement because of the immense impact i t has had on stifling new research into computer miniaturization. Social engineering is not a new intrusion technique. CERT/CC published an alert describing increased incidence of unauthorized entry attempts to computer systems in 1991. The explosion of the Internet amongst those former non-computer users made successful attempts all the more probable, a security issue that still occurs every day despite more than ten years of familiarity. Prior to the Internet, social engineering was evidenced in the cracking of the phone system with red and blue tone generator boxes, enabling the user to make calls to other locales (including across continents) while charging the costs to another extension. Sometimes the calls were charged to the phone company itself as a way of thumbing a nose at the establishment. The tone boxes themselves and their use did not require any personal contact since they could be built from plans that were freely accessible in cracker zines like 2600(named after the frequency of 2600HZ required to generate a call accept tone in ear ly ATT phone systems) and Phrack. The originators of the tone boxes needed to have an intimate knowledge of the phone system and how it operated from the local exchanges and on thorough the greater network. This knowledge was gleaned, when possible from dumpster diving (using personal information is not necessarily a crime even today if gotten from discarded manuals, receipts, internal memos, and other proprietary documents that have been disposed of and are outside the facility) and calling phone operators or engineers and posing as a member of some other part of the network claiming to need some sort of information. Some famous early phreakers did not have the stereotypical persona of crackers/hackers that seems to be prevalent in the media today, that of the technically talented nomadic loner, or the social misfit bent on some sort of hacktivism. Most of them were extremely intelligent people with few others to share their knowledge. A few were trained by our government for wartime and found their skills gave them a significant, though not very respected advantage over non-technical people, as is the case with John Draper a.k.a. Capn Crunch. Draper earned his name from his use of a toy whistle found in a cereal box that generated the 2600HZ tone necessary to fool the phone system. John popularized the use of this whistle, and became known by the hacker handle Capn Crunch. John became infamous, and was arrested in May 1972 for illegal use of the telephone companys system. He received probation, and then was arrested again in 1976, convicted on wire fraud charges because there were no other current laws under which he could be tried, and spent four months in Lompoc Federal Prison in California. Since then, he has held a variety of positions and given interviews on his experiences during the earliest days of long distance hacking. To his credit, Draper didnt single-handedly discover the vulnerability in the system, nor did he exploit it for much personal gain other than phone calls. There were, however, some phreakers that tried to use this technology, crude at the time, to play pranks that could have resulted in serious Na tional Security repercussions. One such touted phreak was a phone call to the then President Nixons bomb shelter in VA; another was (allegedly) a call to the Pope by Steve Wozniak. This was all possible because the phone system in the late 60s and early 70s was set up so that voice transmission and signal data was sent on the same line. To save money, ATT set their entire network to this 2600HZ standard. As the knowledge spread, the growing number of phone phreaks became a minor culture onto their own. They were able to train their ears to determine how the long lines routed their calls. Sympathetic (or easily social engineered) telephone company employees gave them the various routing codes to use international satellites and various trunk lines like expert operators. Phone company engineering information was also freely available at most major universities in the reference section since the engineering departments utilized the information in partnerships with the companies to help train new engineers. Once the phone company figured out what was going on, it immediately went to the major universities and red flagged their engineering manuals and removed them f rom circulation. The information was already out there, though, and until ATT updated their switching technology and proceeded to subpoena phreakers under the wire fraud act it continued sporadically into the early 80s. Another well knows social engineer needs almost no introduction. Arrested in February 1995 for allegedly stealing 300 million dollars worth of source code from victim companies, his charges were eventually lowered to 2 counts of computer fraud, wire fraud, impersonation, and misuse. Whatever one may think of hackers/crackers, at the time of Mitnicks capture the judicial system was unprepared to deal with the theft of intellectual property. As a result, Mitnick was held for 4.5 years in federal prison, 8 months of it in solitary confinement, because it was argued that he was an armed federal felon. (armed with a keyboard he posed a danger to the community.) The source code that he downloaded was soon made available to any user that requested it by SUN, so their claim of R D losses was deemed inadmissible. Kevin Mitnicks journey through the criminal system is disheartening at best for any computer user that wants to pursue a career in computer security or intrusion detection and response because many of the tools utilized to trace such activities can be used for illegal reasons. The governments case against him originally had 10 victims listed and 27 counts. Among those victims are Novell, Nokia, and SUN Microsystems- companies that suffered no losses , but because Mr. Mitnick had a cell phone by those providers at different times and because he had a Novell program on his computer they are listed in the same weight SUN. None of the 10 companies listed in his indictment have ever filed reports for the loss to shareholders with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Kevin Mitnick though technologically proficient, accomplished much of what he did by talking. Posing as employees of the phone company, various computer or other technology companies, and asking someone low in that companies hierarchy for seemingly unrelated bits of information (known now as N.O.R.A.- Non-observable Relationship Awareness) allowed him to gain super user access to most of the systems that he was eventually charged with tampering with. A really competent social engineer can make a target trust him or her to such an extent that the worker casually gives out sensitive internal information. It may not be a significant disclosure in and of itself, but the information gleaned by such manipulation can easily be combined with other small bits to produce a detailed and dangerous roadmap to organizational treasures. One way I worked on developing the skills of my craft, if I may call it a craft, was to pick out some piece of information I didnt really care about and see if I could talk somebody on the other end of the phone into providing it In Congressional testimony before Senators Lieberman and Thompson years later, Mitnick told them, I have gained unauthorized access to computer systems at some of the largest corporations on the planet, and have successfully penetrated some of the most resilient computer systems ever developed. I have used both technical and non-technical means to obtain the source code to various operating systems and telecommunications devices to study their vulnerabilities and their inner workings. The concept of social engineering is one that transcends computer model, operating system version, etc. Many computer types just dont understand it; in the same way they dont understand office politics. Bruce Schneier, a computer security consultant said by The Economist to be a security guru has this to say about the subject, Security is not a product, and its a process. Many security administrators look at network security as a technological problem rather than a social one. They approach it with the mindset of applying the latest firewalls, intrusion detection systems, access controls, and (sometimes) draconian user policies in hopes of preventing an attack or possible loss of proprietary information. How does an organization defend against social engineering? Defending against social as well as technical threats should be part a defense in depth strategy, but its often ignored. Businesses cant assume that users know better than to give out their passwords. Unless explicitly instructed otherwise, the average employee has no reason to question someone who seems to have a legitimate reason for asking. Even IT team members who are security-conscious might be hesitant to ask for proof of identity from an irate person claiming to be a member of upper management. Protecting the network from social engineering attacks requires, first and foremost, a set of security policies that lay out the reasons and procedures for responding to these types of requests. Just developing the policies is not enough. In order to be effective: All members of management must agree to the policies and understand the need to properly prove their identities when making requests for passwords, etc. The policies must be disseminated to all users of the network, with education and training provided as to why compliance is essential. There should be explicitly defined consequences for violating the policies. Security policies should be specific and should address such issues as: Strong password policies: minimum length, complexity requirements, requirements to change passwords at specified intervals, prohibition on dictionary words, easily guessed numbers such as birth dates and social security numbers, etc., prohibitions on writing down passwords. Prohibitions against disclosing passwords, to whom (if anyone) passwords can be disclosed and under what circumstances, procedure to follow if someone requests disclosure of passwords. Requirement that users log off or use password protected screensavers when away from the computer, cautionary instructions on ensuring that no one is watching when you type in logon information, etc. Physical security measures to prevent visitors and outside contractors from accessing systems to place key loggers, etc. Procedure for verifying identity of users to IT department and IT personnel to users (secret PINs, callback procedures, etc.). Policies governing destruction (shredding, incineration, etc.) of paperwork, disks and other media that hold information a hacker could use to breach security. Social engineering is the easiest way for a hacker to gain access to your network, and one of the most common yet many companies spend thousands of dollars on thwarting technical attacks and do nothing to prevent exploitation of the human factor. Establishing policies is the first step in preventing socially engineered attacks, but perhaps the most important step is educating employees to make them aware of the danger of social engineering. The people who fall prey to social engineering scams whether its a ruse by an outsider pretending to be a company manager who needs a password changed or e-mail from a stranger pretending to be a wealthy Nigerian with money to give away are those who havent heard about the scam. Security awareness should be part of the training of every employee who uses the network, and in order to be effective, it should be ongoing. Forewarned is forearmed, especially when it comes to social engineering. One of the most daunting aspects in social engineering is the sheer number of methods that can be utilized by an attacker. In fact, the only limiting factor is theimagination of the attacker and the susceptibility of the chosen targets. Social engineering tactics usually exploit identifiable human traits such as fear, greed, and trust, and use the somewhat predictable response characteristics of these traits to obtain information that would otherwise be inaccessible. Social engineering doesnt have to be between people or attack these traits at all however. Other tactics such as dumpster diving and eavesdropping require no human contact and no need to go through the hassle of exploitation, yet still yield vast quantities of information, which can be used as is or taken and assimilated into ammunition for a more elaborate social engineering attack.

The Defining Moment of the Discipline of Building Character Article

The Defining Moment of the Discipline of Building Character - Article Example A typical defining moment occurred in our business firm sometime back that forced the management into making a decision that would ordinarily seem crazy. The firm deals with interior designing focusing mostly on beautification accessories such as aquaria and sculptures and paintings. The management and the staff of the company were therefore quite excited when we received a local purchase order from a local bank ordering 35 aquaria from us for its various branches. We are a small company and the order was the largest we had ever received. We felt up to the task. Everybody rolled up their sleeves and got to work. Two days into the work, we received another substantial order for carpets and chairs for the local cathedral. The church had for a long time been our customers and had made numerous minor purchases from us. This purchase was the biggest they had made from us and they paid 25% of the total cost in line with our company terms of service. The bank had made a similar payment at t he time of ordering. The problem was that they needed the chairs and carpets within the fortnight, an uphill task considering that we had the aquaria order at hand. Disaster struck when the company’s request for credit was declined. We were left with a shortage of funds to complete both projects in time. Our efforts to acquire materials on credit also hit the rock. We, therefore, had to decide between one of our clients and deliver to one in time while failing the other. It is imperative to note that after delivering to one, we would have to wait for them to pay up so that we could complete the other’s project. We did not know which would be the lesser evil, to fail one of our most loyal customers or the client who had offered us our biggest deal yet. A solution seemed to present itself with the entry of a third client who wanted his beach house interior renovated. The customer was in no hurry to have the house refurbished. However, to have enough capital to complete b oth projects, we had to ask the third customer to pay fifty percent of the total cost and risk doing his project late as payment from the other two projects could be made anytime within 90 days.

Ethical management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical management - Research Paper Example Market culture is one of the corporate cultures that focus on competition, both at the level of the market competitors and its employees. It is a culture characterized by the desire of an organization to dominate the market to be able to have an advantage over their competitors (Scollon & Scollon, 2011). Bodine succeeded in coming up with this culture by assembling a team of hardworking, well informed, aggressive, energetic, innovative, enthusiastic, and highly competitive individuals. In addition, Bodine ensured that his sales team was paid handsomely to motivate them and to keep them off from their competitors. The Pace culture can be considered to be post conventional level of ethical development (Qizilbash, 2005). This is because there is a sense of independence among the employees. Most of them recognize the existence of laws, but they believe that these laws can be easily changed when deemed necessary; a good example is the case of Cody Rudisell possessing Raleigh-Tech’s trade secrets. Ali Sloan should have a forum with Cody Rudisell with the aim of pointing out the risk involved by involving in the illegal and unethical act that is to the contrary of the culture of the organization. She is supposed to point it out categorically to Cody Rudisell that he stands a chance of losing his job in the event that Bodine does not approve his tactics.

Intellectual property Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Intellectual property Master - Essay Example How far can these innovations be protected from being illegally copied The justification on part of the innovator from stopping its innovations or products from being replicated in some other form needs to be debated both on ethical and moral grounds. This argument is particularly common and debated in the pharmaceutical sector. The scope of such protection covers a gamut of industries, professions and products. We shall restrict the scope of this study to the copyright laws, internet sector and particularly focus on the music industry. Bainbridge (2002) describes intellectual property rights as a form of property that can be dealt with just as with any other property, and which can be assigned, mortgaged and licensed. Intellectual property is property in the legal sense: it is something that can be owned and dealt with. Looking at this definition, as suggested by Bainbridge, one can observe that the properties rights do not just include rights associated with land or buildings or any other assets that carries the physical characteristics of a "land-building" asset form. Intellectual property gives rise to rights and duties. It establishes property rights, which give the owner the right to do certain things in relation to the subject matter. Bainbridge, in his study, supports this argument with an example relating to the music industry - if the right is a copyright and the subject matter is a piece of music, the owner of the copyright has the exclusive right to make copies of the sheet music, to make an arrangement of the music and to control the performance of the music unless until he surrenders that right to some music label company. According to the government-backed UK - Intellectual Rights, intellectual property (IP) allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. The owner of IP can control and be rewarded for its use, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all.1 It is essential to protect innovations from being illegally copied or pirated. Such guarantee of protection to innovations and inventions will encourage further innovative research and development and also reward entrepreneurs and innovators for their discovery. The protections come in the form of law and legal proceedings. 1.2 Intellectual Property Law. Bently and Sherman (2001) defines intellectual property law as a means to regulate the creation, use and exploitation of mental or creative labour. Intellectual Prop

Successful marketing stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Successful marketing stories - Essay Example Companies like Apple have attained brand equity through constant innovation and excellent customer service. Apple products like iPod are built on advanced communication technology and additional features like e-mail and messaging capabilities, which have increased the level of customer satisfaction. Apple has been able to segment the market by offering products that meet the different customer needs. Apple has been able to implement technology and innovation in all the marketing mix elements such as the price, promotion, place and product. Successful marketing stories Introduction Marketing is practiced nearly in every business in the world regardless of the size of the business or the nature or industry in which the business operates (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). The basis of all marketing activities is to create and deliver value to the customer (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). Customer value can be defined as; the difference between the value the customer gains from owning and using the product and the costs of obtaining the product. The first thing all marketers should remember is that successful marketing starts with identifying the right market for the products and services, and designing the appropriate marketing communication messages which are tailored to the particular market and target customers (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). The marketer should also choose the right communication media, which can either be audio or print, hence, the channel selected should effectively deliver the message to the target customers (Shimp, 2008). The marketer should also strive to do a follow-up of the effectiveness of the marketing strategies by evaluating either the growth in business revenues or market share. This paper will discuss the marketing principles and strategies which successful organizations have used to gain a leadership position in market share in the industry. Marketing is to most sensitive function of the organization since it deals closely with the customers, h ence, creating customer value and establishing good working relationships with the customers is the heart of modern marketing efforts. The paper will discuss the principles of marketing, and how the business can utilize them to gain a competitive edge over the competitors. Thesis statement The success of the business is dependent on the marketing strategies used by the business. Elements of marketing strategy The marketing strategy of a business is composed of various elements which interrelate. The key element is the market selection and the product planning which is choosing the product line and the product offerings for the target market. A firm can either choose a single market strategy or multi market strategy. In a single marketing strategy, the firm will concentrate its efforts in serving a single unique market segment while avoiding competition with the dominant players (Hartline & Ferrell, 2010). In a multi marketing strategy, the firm will serve several distinct markets, h ence, the firm should carefully select the target markets which are viable. In a total market strategy, the firm will offer differentiated products to different market segments; hence, it should utilize the marketing variables like the price, promotion, product and distribution strategies in competing effectively in the entire market (Hartline & Ferre

Apple Inc. Integrated Marketing Communication Essay

Apple Inc. Integrated Marketing Communication - Essay Example The present study would analyze the business strategies of Apple Inc one of the most formidable brands present in the market. The choice of the organization assumes significance considering the magnanimous image of the brand that is known as a synonym for innovations in the business markets. Origin Growth and History of Organization Apple Inc is a US based multinational organization engaged in manufacture of digital electronics and computer hardware equipments. The company was founded in the year 1976 by the name of Apple Computers Inc and since then it has grown into a mammoth organization with a formidable brand image. In the year 2007 the company renamed itself as Apple Inc. The company is presently listed on the bourses of the NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange. The company is presently headed by Steve Jobs one of the most dynamic business leaders of the modern world. The company is known for its innovations in technology and bringing out cutting edge technology products that are unmatched by any of its competitors in the market. Apple Inc was one of the pioneers in the industry that designed computers like mackintosh (Apple, 2011). Analysis of Company’s Vision and Mission Statement The mission and vision of the organization is to be an innovative market player that manufactures products that are unique, distinctive and highly innovative in the market. The main mission statement of the organization is â€Å"an apple at every desk† (Birnbaum, 2009). The company aims to create innovations that are simple yet elegant and are highly technology intensive. The company’s mission is to provide the best quality and innovative products to customers across the globe. The company aims to be a global leader in its product category and has accordingly made a global presence by having a dedicated presence in almost all the major economies of the world. The vision and mission statements can be largely correlated with its business strategies that involved launch of products like I-phones, I-pad’s that are highly technology intensive and have attracted a huge attention from the target market audience b y virtue of their innovative features. Product Portfolios Apple Inc has an impressive product portfolio comprised of a large array of innovative product offerings. Apart from the company’s traditional products like Mac the company also manufactures a range of other products including iPod’s, iPhone, and iTunes. IPod’s include portable music players that have a sleek design and highly attractive features that allows audio as well as video files to be run by the user. I phone is yet another innovation developed by the organization in the lucrative mobile telephone segment. The unique product tries to amalgamate the excitement of a mobile phone with innovative features like excellent graphics and computing options. The delightful looks make it an attractive option for any individual. Apple also made a foray into the software industry with the launch of the Apple I tunes. This product is essentially a music player that is compatible with both iPods as well as person al computers. In addition to this the company has also produced software’

Development and Diversification of Living Organisms Assignment

Development and Diversification of Living Organisms - Assignment Example The complete set of genes within a living organism’s cell is called genotype. On the other hand, the complete set of physical characteristics that make up the structure of an organism is called phenotype. The limitations of these factors will inhibit the reproduction process, which of course results differ from one species to another because of the differences in characteristics that are inherited and environmental influences. This variation is also the result of a process called mutation, which is caused by radiation, viruses, and errors during DNA replication. Genes that arise by mutation and found at the same place on a chromosome is known as an allele. Thus, it can be said that evolution is the result of two opposing forces. According to Hardy-Weinberg’s Theory, the genotype and allele frequencies of a population will often remain in equilibrium, unless disturbing influences, such as mutation, is present. The equilibrium state is only possible when the genotype and allele frequencies do not change. This happens when a population has a large size, which prevents the occurrence of genetic drift, bottlenecks and founder effects. The equilibrium state also occurs when there is no mutation, as explained earlier and that random mating takes place, which is explained below. However, this is hardly the case. In other words, if the equilibrium state is violated by factors such as those mentioned above, then evolution will take place. The genotype and allele frequencies are influenced by environmental and cultural events. A given genotype frequency can occur with random mating in a single generation as this causes the evolution of a given species, which in turn produces a new equilibrium within that one generation. For instance, continuous random mating of a black-haired population will result in homozygotes. Such violations include inbreeding, assortative mating, and small population size. On the other hand, a change in allele frequency can occur when selection, mutation, and migration happen.